Complementary and Harmonious Colors

Mastering color is an essential ability to any good photographer. To achieve proficiency, a basic knowledge of primary colors and complementary colors is required. We will define these fundamental concepts and teach how to exploit them in order to take better photographs.

The great physicist James Maxwell in 1859 demonstrated that each color could be obtained starting from just three colored light beams, one red, one green and another blue. By over-projecting these three beams on a white screen and by carefully dosing their intensities, any color could be attained. This is the basis of the aptly named "additive synthesis". These three colors (red, green and blue, or RGB) are called "primary colors". Adding all the primary colors at their maximum intensities, give rise to white; black is the absence of any light.

Each primary color also has a "complementary color". The complementary color of a given primary color is defined as the color that added to the primary color gives the white light. It can be shown (but we will omit the demonstration) that the complementary colors for red, green and blue are cyan, magenta and yellow, respectively. What a photographer must always keep in mind are simply the (fundamental, complementary) color pairs:

(red, cyan)
(green, magenta)
(blue, yellow)

Masterful control of complementary colors is essential in composing an image. Juxtaposition of complementary colors always creates striking chromatic contrast. Consequently, if you wish to make an object stand out from its background, you should pick up a background with the complementary color of the object. Good examples are yellow autumn leaves against a blue sky or magenta flowers against green foliage. The main subject will immediately catch the attention of the viewer. It does not matter how small the main subject, if it has a complementary backdrop, will always be an important compositional element. Usually it will draw the whole attention.

Similar colors are harmonious and not complementary. When just harmonious colors are present in a picture, color is typically not the main attraction. Other fundamental elements take over, such as form and texture. An example might be green grass against a blue sky. Let me give you a tip: if you are going to take a shot of a green grass, back lighting will produce a fantastic effect, making the green very vivid and glowing. So, keep in mind that direction of sunlight is important, too. Be careful when making compositions with similar colors in black & white photography. Most of the time, what appears clear and well defined in the colored world, will seem confused and lackluster in black and white.

Now you know how to compose a highly contrasting image or, on the contrary, a harmonious picture. All of this from a chromatic point of view. Now it is time for the better thing you can do: experiment what you have just learnt.

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